This chapter is a brief analysis of the impact COVID-19 has had on the borough’s residents. The findings are based on data from the PHE Situational Awareness Explorer dashboard, DAE (Data Access Environment) hospital admissions and the Primary Care Mortality database. It provides a brief overall picture on COVID-19 cases, hospitalisation, deaths and vaccinations from March 2020 to June 2021, and those most affected based on their demographics.
This report shows that COVID-19 does not affect all population groups equally. Local analysis, similar to the analyses at a regional and national level, shows that the individuals in older age groups, ethnic minority groups, older men and those living in areas of higher deprivation were at greater risk of worse outcomes from COVID-19.
Since the start of the pandemic and up to the end of May 2021, Richmond borough had 11,044 cases of COVID-19, 1,221 hospital admissions with either confirmed or suspected COVID-19 and 299 registered deaths. Locally, the rate of cases, hospitalisation and deaths have been lower than London and England.
Source: GOV.UK. UKHSA data dashboard.
The figures below show how cumulative rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths evolved over time.
The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in London was detected on the 12th February 2020. By mid-March there had been 1,069 cases confirmed across London, 240 individuals admitted into hospital and 37 deaths to people who had had a positive test result for COVID-19 and died within 28 days of the first positive test, GOV.UK. UKHSA data dashboard.
COVID-19 cases in Richmond were analysed using Public Health England’s situational awareness explorer dashboard . Between 1st March 2020 and 31st May 2021, there were a total of 22,561 cases recorded in the borough (16% of cases were identified through Pillar 1 testing; 84% of cases were identified through Pillar 2 testing); with a near even split in cases between males and females. 1% of cases did not have gender recorded.
The figure below shows the monthly rate of positive COVID-19 cases between 2020 and 2024, Richmond’s rate of cases peaked in December 2021 (6,437/100,000) and had not exceeded the rate of 1% of the population since April 2022.
The figure below shows the rate of cases per 100,000 by age band. By May 2021, there were more cases of COVID-19 among females in Richmond compared to males (n=5,844 versus 5,131 respectively).
All incidence rates exceeded 1,000/100,000 across all age groups in the borough, between March 2020 and May 2021. The highest rate of new cases was seen within the 20–29-year-olds followed by the 80+ age group.
Source: Richmond rates: Public Health England COVID-19 Situational Awareness Explorer (March 2020-May 2021). Using GLA 2018-based Housing-Led Borough Projections
*London rates: GOV.UK. UKHSA data dashboard.Coronavirus in the UK (March 2020-September 2021). Using GLA 2018-based Housing-Led Borough Projections.
Across London and England 2 rates of cases in females were high compared to males in those aged under 60 years. Among borough residents aged 60+ years, diagnosis rates were higher in males compared to females, which has also been observed across London.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a disproportionate impact on ethnic minority communities who have experienced higher COVID-19 burden. Available evidence suggests a complex interplay of deprivation, environmental, and health-related behaviours. Ethnic minority groups are disproportionately affected by socio-economic deprivation, a key determinant of health status in all communities, but it is not clear if this holds true equally for every ethnic group 3. Ethnic minority groups generally tend to live in multigenerational or overcrowded households and have frontline key worker jobs which put them at higher risk of being exposed to the virus. People from minority ethnic groups are also more likely than people of White British ethnicity to be born abroad which means they may face additional barriers (e.g. language) in navigating health and care services 4. Analysis shows London’s Asian populations have been worst affected, especially during the second wave of the pandemic (1st September 2020 to 22nd May 2021), followed by Black communities 5.
Source: Public Health England COVID-19 Situational Awareness Explorer. Using GLA 2016-based Housing-Led Ethnic Group Projections
Ethnic minority groups accounted for 24% (n= 2,157) of COVID-19 cases in Richmond between March 2020 and May 2021 6. In comparison, this percentage was higher than the average borough proportion of ethnic minority residents of 16%. The figure above shows Richmond’s Black population (n=235), in particular the African population, were most affected by COVID-19, followed by Asian (in particular the Indian population) ethnic groups. This is similar to the picture seen across London 7. There were 769 cases allocated to ‘Other’ ethnic group which also included Arab 8.
Coronavirus case rates in London were highest among people living in the most deprived areas throughout the pandemic and this was also observed locally.
The figure below 9 shows that within more deprived areas (IMD decile 2 to 5), the proportion of COVID-19 cases are disproportionality higher than the borough’s population size. A report by University College London stated that people living in the most deprived areas are less likely to be able to work from home and are more reliant on public transport which puts them at greater risk of exposure to COVID-19 10.
Source: Public Health England COVID-19 Situational Awareness Explorer. Using ONS Mid-2019 Annual Small Area Population Estimates and English Indices of Deprivation 2019.
The figure below shows the rate of cases per 100,000 across Pillar 1 and Pillar 2 testing combined. The most deprived wards in terms of income deprivation affecting older people are within Hampton North; Heathfield; Barnes and North Richmond. The highest rates of cases were seen within LSOAs in Hampton North, Heathfield, Whitton, West Twickenham, parts of Hampton and Mortlake and Barnes Common wards. Parts of these wards also have some of the most deprived LSOAs with some residents having the highest clinical needs. Hampton and Heathfield are amongst the most populated areas for those aged 65+ and are also areas where high proportions of 65+ live in households where everyone is 65+. In addition to Hampton and Heathfield, Whitton and Hampton North have higher prevalence of heart disease, respiratory disease and other conditions. These areas are also relatively more deprived and have lower internet usage 11.
Source: Public Health England COVID-19 Situational Awareness Explorer. Using ONS 2019 mid-year population estimates.
HES (hospital episode statistics) 12 data was used to analyse the number and characteristics of Richmond residents admitted to hospitals 13 with COVID-19 between March 2020 to March 2021. Data on hospital admissions with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 diagnosis was extracted using the following ICD 10 codes: U071 and U072. Data extracted from HES was limited to any admissions where either ICD 10 codes, U071 or U072, was mentioned within any of the number of diagnosis records of the patient.
68% of admitted COVID-19 patients had a primary diagnosis (main diagnosis) of either confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (the majority of which was confirmed).
The majority (52%) of Richmond residents, who were admitted to hospitals with COVID-19, attended a Kingston hospital trust for treatment, while 33% attended Kensington and Chelsea, followed by Westminster trust.
Between March 2020 and March 2021, 1,221 Richmond residents were hospitalised with either confirmed or suspected COVID-19. The overall borough rate of 613/100,000 was lower than the London rate of 814/100,000 14 and the England rate of 708/100,000 15.
The figure below shows the trend in hospital admissions seen within Richmond. The trend seen here is similar to that seen across London, and elsewhere in the country, with hospitalisation peaks tracked following peaks in the number of cases.
In March 2020, Richmond saw its first peak of hospital admissions with 123 patients admitted. Following on from the implementation of the first national lockdown on 23rd March 2020, Richmond began to see a decline in COVID-19 hospital admission numbers from May onwards. However, from September the number of hospital admissions began to rise again and reached its peak in January 2021where the borough saw 357 residents admitted for COVID-19 during that month. This rise in admissions may have been the result of some restrictions being lifted in July- where pubs, restaurants, hotels and hairdressers were allowed to open and two households were able to meet indoors.
Source: Data Access Environment (hospital admissions). Data extracted 30th June 2021. Using GLA 2018-based Housing-Led Borough Projections
Since the start of the pandemic, hospital admission rates across London for COVID-19 were higher within the 85+ year old cohort (8,185/100,000) compared to all other age groups ^[Gov.UK. Healthcare admission rates by age in London. 16; this was similar to what was seen across England 17.
In Richmond, hospital admissions for COVID-19 were highest in the older age groups with over 80% of admissions seen within those aged 50+ years (the figure below).
Source: HES (hospital episode statistics)). Data extracted 30th June 2021. Using GLA 2018-based Housing-Led Borough Projections.
Overall, there were more COVID-19 hospital admissions amongst males (54%) compared to females (46%). COVID-19 diagnosis rates increased with age for both genders (the figure below). Hospitalisation was higher among males aged between 40-69 years compared to females; 42% versus 30%. However, the chart also shows that among the 70+ year olds, hospitalisation was higher among females, compared to males.
Source: Data Access Environment (hospital admissions). Data extracted 30th June 2021
People from minority ethnic groups were more severely affected by COVID-19 and have a three-fold higher risk of requiring hospitalisation once infected with the virus compared to the White ethnic groups 18.
The ethnicity of patients admitted to hospital with either confirmed or suspected COVID-19 was analysed. 19% of hospital admissions did not have ethnicity recorded and therefore were excluded from the following analysis. Where ethnicity was recorded, minority ethnic groups 19 accounted for 22% of hospital admissions (16% of local population is from minority ethnic groups), compared to 78% of White ethnic group.
The figure below shows the rate of hospitalisation among minority ethnic groups and White ethnic group. There was a total number of 218 hospital admissions of minority ethnic groups, compared to 771 admissions of residents from White ethnic group. The Black (specifically African population) and Asian (specifically the Chinese and Pakistani population) ethnic groups had the highest admission rates between March 2020 and March 2021. This was similar to what was seen across England with the Black and Asian ethnic groups having higher hospital admission rates compared to all other ethnic groups 20. The lowest rate of admissions was seen within those from a mixed ethnic background. There were 84 admissions in patients from ‘Other’ ethnic group 21.
Source: Data Access Environment (hospital admissions). Data extracted 30th June 2021. Using GLA 2016-based Housing-Led Ethnic Group Projections.
Source: Data Access Environment (hospital admissions). Data extracted 30th June 2021. GLA 2016-based Housing-led Ethnicity 2020 estimates.
The figure above shows that hospitalisation was higher among older aged minority ethnic groups, especially males. Of the 1,221 hospital admissions involving confirmed or suspected COVID-19; 240 (20%) of patients died in hospital. Of those deaths, 86% had a primary diagnosis of either suspected or confirmed COVID-19; with males accounting for 59% of deaths and females 41% of deaths. Death rates were highest among Black ethnic group, followed by Asian ethnic group. The lowest rate of deaths was among those from mixed backgrounds. There were 7 deaths from patients of Other ethnic groups (as shown below).
People who live in areas of higher deprivation are more likely to be admitted to hospital due to Covid- 19. In England, official analysis of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 reported that 45% of patients were from the most deprived 20% of the population 22.
The figure below shows that the highest rates of hospital admissions (dark blue areas on the map on the left) were from areas which were also the most deprived in the borough (red areas on the map on the right).
Source: HES (hospital episode statistics). Data extracted 30th June 2021. Using ONS Mid-2019 Annual Small Area Population Estimates and English Indices of Deprivation 2019.
The figure below shows Richmond residents who live in the most deprived areas of the borough were over three times more likely to be admitted to hospital with COVID-19 compared to those living in the least deprived areas of the borough 23.
Source: Data Access Environment (hospital admissions). Data extracted 30th June 2021. Using ONS Mid-2019 Annual Small Area Population Estimates and English Indices of Deprivation 2019.
Mortality data was extracted from the Primary Care Mortality Database (PCMD); which is managed by NHS Digital. They use monthly death records from the Office of National Statistics (ONS) which is based on registered deaths.
Analysis was carried out where there was any mention of COVID-19 on the individual’s death certificate and covered the time period of February 2020 to May 2021. Of the 1,708 registered deaths in Richmond, 299 (18%) had COVID-19 listed as their underlying cause of death (main cause of death). Locally, 75% (n=225) of deaths from COVID-19 occurred in hospital; 17% (n=51) occurred in care homes and 7% (n=20) within the patient’s own home. All other deaths took place in other settings such as hospices.
Between March 2020 and June 2023 there were 675 Richmond’s COVID-19 deaths, there were 448 COVID-19 related deaths (226/100,000) registered to Richmond residents (the figure below), which was lower than the London rate of 260/100,000 and England rate of 341/100,000 24. The peaks in deaths in the chart below followed local peaks in cases and hospitalisations, and period of highest COVID-19 deaths were same as London and England.
Of the 299 COVID-19 related deaths in the borough, 293 were to residents aged 50+ years, and four-fifths (n=246) were to residents aged 70+ years. Across London and England, the greatest proportion of deaths from COVID-19 was seen within the older aged population, 70+ year olds, which peaked in April 2020 and January 2021 25. The figure below shows the rate of deaths from COVID-19 in Richmond residents by age band.
Source: Primary Care Mortality Database. Using GLA 2018-based Housing-Led Borough Projections
Similar to London and England, the number of deaths were higher in males compared to females across all age groups, with the 80+ year old males having a death rate 1.5 times higher than females of the same age group.
Office for National Statistics data shows that people who live in the most deprived areas of England and Wales are around twice as likely to die after contracting COVID-19 26.
In Richmond, residents living within the most deprived LSOAs (deprivation deciles 2 and 3) experienced higher rates of death from COVID-19 compared to those living in the more affluent areas of the borough, deprivation deciles 9 and 10 (the figure below).
Source: Primary Care Mortality Database. Using ONS Mid-2019 Annual Small Area Population Estimates and English Indices of Deprivation 2019.
The figure below shows those areas with the highest mortality rate (darker blue), are also some of the most deprived areas in the borough 27 (red areas on the Index of multiple deprivation map).
Source: Primary Care Mortality Database. Using ONS Mid-2019 Annual Small Area Population Estimates.
COVID-19 vaccinations in Richmond were analysed using Public Health England’s Situational Awareness Explorer dashboard. Vaccine coverage was calculated using the Office for National Statistics (ONS) 2020 mid-year population estimate. As a result, vaccine rates and numbers reported here will differ from those published on GOV.UK because GOV.UK uses the National Immunisation Management Service (NIMS), which is based on those registered with a GP. NIMS population estimates are higher because local residents are not required to register with a local GP and people do not always update their address with their GP once they move.
It is important to note that vaccine rates calculated using these denominators should be considered as estimates, as there are issues with both denominators. The ONS estimate of residents covers population residents at a smaller area level, which leads to some coverage estimates as being an over estimate. Although 2020 mid-year population estimate has been available since June 2021, 2019 mid-year estimates were used to calculate coverage at LSOA 28 level. This was because the 2020 mid-year estimates are not yet available for regional, ICS/STP and CCG 29 geographies.
Between 8th December 2020 and 30th June 2021, a total of 136,492 dose 1 vaccinations (87%) 30. and 93,826 dose 2 vaccinations (59%) were administered to Richmond residents 31. Based on the ONS population estimates, 87% of Richmond residents had received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine and 59% were fully vaccinated. COVID-19 vaccination roll-out programme began in December 2020.
The figure below shows the cumulative number of COVID-19 vaccinations administered in Richmond over time.
For latest vaccine numbers and coverage data, visit GOV.UK. UKHSA data dashboard.
Source: PHE Situational Explorer dashboard
The table below shows the number of Richmond residents vaccinated by age group. Over 90% of 50+ year olds were fully vaccinated by 30th June 2021. At the beginning of April 2021, the Government opened up the vaccination age cohort to 40+ year olds. By the end of June, 86% of 40-49 year olds in the borough had received their 1st vaccination dose. By mid-June, those aged 21+ years were allowed to receive their COVID-19 vaccinations; and by the end of June, 80% of the borough’s 20-29 year old cohort had received dose 1 of their vaccinations. By the end of June, dose 1 vaccine uptake among the younger age cohort was higher in females (56%) than in males (49%). However, in the older cohort (40+), males saw a higher vaccine uptake (91%) than females (87%).
The uptake among younger age groups in Wandsworth has improved and latest data can be found on GOV.UK.
The figure below shows the vaccine uptake rates among ethnic groups in Richmond. 18% had no ethnicity recorded and were therefore excluded from this analysis. Dose 1 vaccine rates was highest amongst White ethnic group (58%) followed by Asian ethnic group (57%). The lowest uptake was seen among those from black and mixed ethnic groups. As of 30th of June, 18,707 (71%) ethnic minority Richmond residents received dose 1 of their COVID-19 vaccinations and 12,238 (47%) received their second dose. Mixed ethnic groups were less likely to be vaccinated with the first dose of the vaccine (31%), particularly those of White and Black Caribbean background (19%) compared to their Asian (Indian – 75% and Chinese – 74%) and White British (54%) counterparts. Vaccine uptake was low among the black ethnic group in Richmond, particularly those of Caribbean (39%) and African (46%) backgrounds.
A high dose 1 vaccine uptake among ethnic minority residents can be seen across most LSOAs in Richmond. However, in comparison to other LSOAs, a low dose 1 vaccine uptake was seen in LSOAs within South Richmond, Hampton Wick, Kew and Heathfield wards. Though Richmond is one of least deprived boroughs in London, Heathfield ward has some of the most deprived LSOAs in terms of income deprivation in Richmond and has a large proportion of ethnic minority residents living with them. These could explain the hesitancy to receive the vaccine.
Richmond is one of the least deprived boroughs in England. Richmond has less people living in more deprived deciles (deciles 2-6) compared to those living in least deprived areas. The figure below shows dose 1 vaccine rates by LSOA among residents aged 50+ in Richmond.
There was a weak correlation between vaccine coverage and those living in more deprived LSOAs in the borough. There was an equal level of vaccine coverage across deprivation deciles among residents receiving dose 1 and dose 2 with an approximately 5% - 10% difference in vaccine coverage between the most and least deprived LSOAs in the borough.
The term ‘long COVID’ is commonly used to describe signs and symptoms that continue or develop after acute COVID-19. It includes both ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 (from 4 to 12 weeks) and Post COVID-19 syndrome (12 weeks or more). Post Covid Syndrome (PCS) usually presents with clusters of symptoms, often overlapping, which can fluctuate and change over time and can affect any system in the body. Post-COVID-19 syndrome may be considered before 12 weeks while the possibility of an alternative underlying disease is also being assessed.
The most common symptoms include extreme fatigue (55%), breathlessness, problems with memory and concentration (‘brain fog’), difficulty sleeping, chest pain, palpitations, dizziness, depression and anxiety. Not all people have the same risk of experiencing Long Covid. Variation exists in population in disease severity, mortality and prevalence of PCS 32.
The ONS’s Coronavirus Infection Survey of households in April 2021 33 found that 21% of respondents who tested positive for COVID-19 still reported symptoms at 5 weeks after infection and 13.7% of respondents who tested positive for COVID-19 still reported symptoms at 12 weeks after infection. May 2022 data shows that currently 1.44 million people (2.24% of the population) were experiencing self-reported PCS. Using local Richmond population figures, this would mean that approximately 4,500 people in the borough will be living with PCS, with approximately 20% of those reporting that their ability to undertake day-to-day activities were “limited a lot” by their symptoms.
Source: Long COVID: What the statistics are telling us, Daniel Ayoubkhani, Health Analysis & Life Events. Methodology and Quality, ONS 11 January 2022.
Due to Post Covid’s nature - as a long term, fluctuating condition affecting multiple bodily symptoms and often affecting previously active, well people - supporting people with Post Covid requires a whole system approach, including acute health services, primary care, community services, social services, the voluntary sector, other sectors, such as schools, employers and the wider communities people live in. Post Covid support should be focussed on preventing ill-health and long-term complications of Post Covid, helping people to resume their activities of daily living and improving access to Post Covid services for people who need support.
Due to the relatively small numbers in each borough, the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities have conducted a Health Needs Assessment of Post Covid across London. This has demonstrated that at highest risk of developing PCS are middle-aged females (the figure below), as well as people with pre-existing conditions such as obesity, hypertension, poor mental health.
Source: Office For Health Improvement & Disparities. Post-Covid-19 syndrome London region: Health Needs Assessment of Post-COVID-19 syndrome in London, December 2021.
People who have been most exposed to Covid-19 infection are also more at risk, e.g. health workers, teachers, police, prison staff, transport staff, care home workers.
There is lack of consistent ethnicity data for modelling PCS cases. Some studies suggest that whereas Covid-19 disproportionately affects BAME groups, Post Covid may affect White British groups more. The prevalence of PCS cases is higher in less deprived areas. The PCS service uptake is also higher in less deprived areas (the figure below).
Source: Office For Health Improvement & Disparities. Post-Covid-19 syndrome London region: Health Needs Assessment of Post-COVID-19 syndrome in London, December 2021
Only 52% of cases were assessed in post-COVID-19 assessment centres. 16 London assessment clinics have received 5151 referrals between April-Sept 2021. Common route of referrals is primary and secondary care; with few referrals made through community or other services. Many of the interventions used to support people with Post Covid are based on management of chronic fatigue syndrome. Evidence for the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of these interventions in managing Post Covid is at an early stage.
Data from 2021 shows that Richmond has more Post Covid cases than would be expected from its population size. Richmond has 2.19% of London’s population but 2.86% of its Long Covid cases. Although the actual numbers of people are small, this does equate to 31% more than expected based on population size alone (the largest proportional difference in South West London).
Although some of this difference may be attributed to case finding and referral rates, it is worth noting that Kingston, which share acute and community Post Covid services with Richmond, have only have 22% more cases that expected. Richmond’s demographic profile means that a higher proportion of residents are at risk of Post Covid Syndrome. For example, compared to the London average, Richmond has an older population, a higher proportion of women, and a higher proportionate of White British residents.
The following table examines Richmond’s demographic risk factors for PCS 34 35 36 37.
A Kingston & Richmond Post Covid Steering Group was set up in 2021 to develop a pathway of services to support patients with PCS, recognising that a multidisciplinary approach would be needed to meet people’s needs (the table below).
Through the steering group, a relatively comprehensive pathway has been developed to manage patients with acute medical issues, as well as mental health and rehabilitation support. The main features include PCAS, Long Covid Community Clinics, psychological support through Richmond Wellbeing, and PCAS, Community Clinic, Richmond Wellbeing, Primary Care support and signposting to self-help and voluntary sector organisations (the figure below).
Richmond has a thriving voluntary sector, and many of these organisations have been playing a crucial role supporting people suffering with Post Covid. These include RUILS Independent Living, Richmond Carers Centre, Richmond Aid, Age UK Richmond, Crossroads Care , Alzheimer’s Society Richmond, and Voices of Hope.
A Directory of Services has been developed to help professionals signpost and refer patients to these services.
In conclusion as we learn more about Post Covid as a condition, the challenges of living with it, access to and experience of services, we can identify areas to improve and enhance the current offer. Identification of people with Post-Covid and address health inequalities in access to care, supplementing and supporting current services and activities, and reviewing longer term needs is important.
Work to support the PCS services will focus on improving our understanding of who has PCS, through identification of unmet needs in under-served communities, empowering community leaders to raise awareness, targeted support and education for health professionals, and raising awareness with professionals in other sectors, working to support those people who are living with symptoms of Post Covid Syndrome, and ongoing review of longer term needs. This includes encouraging vaccination.
Deprivation is based on a score that is given to small areas (Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs)) in England. A score is a combination of seven domains where each domain reflects a different aspect of deprivation experienced by individuals living in an area. The score is used to rank all the LSOAs in England from most deprived to least deprived.↩︎
GOV.UK. UKHSA data dashboard.↩︎
Kings Fund. The Health of People from Ethnic minority grouped in England. URL: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/health-people-ethnic-minority-groups-england ↩︎
Disparities in the Risk and Outcomes of COVID-19. URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/908434/Disparities_in_the_risk_and_outcomes_of_COVID_August_2020_update.pdf ↩︎
Public Health Matters: Tackling London’s ongoing COVID-19 health inequalities. URL: https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2021/02/03/tackling-londons-covid-19-health-inequalities/ ↩︎
Cases with unknown ethnicity were excluded from this analysis. This accounted for approximately 1,957 individuals.↩︎
Tackling London’s ongoing COVID-19 health inequalities. Public Health Matters. URL: https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2021/02/03/tackling-londons-covid-19-health-inequalities/↩︎
‘Other ethnic group’ was not included in the chart as it makes up a small proportion of the population and calculating the rate would be an unreliable analysis showing over representation compared to all other ethnic groups.↩︎
The ten deprivation deciles are defined using Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019. Each Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) in England is ranked in terms of its deprivation level and allocated to a decile (1 is most deprived, 10 is least deprived).↩︎
University College London. People in Deprived areas three times more likely to use public transport for essential travel.↩︎
DataRich. COVID-19 Vulnerabilities dashboard. URL: https://www.datarich.info/covid-19/ ↩︎
Hospital data extracted from Data Access Environment (DAE) through NHS Digital.↩︎
Hospital data analysis was based on local residents only, regardless of the hospital they attended.↩︎
London rate of hospitalisation was calculated using the number of patients admitted to hospital between March 2020 and May 2021 (n=73,216) from GOV.UK Coronavirus dashboard, and the GLA population denominator.↩︎
England rate of hospitalisation was calculated using the number of patients admitted to hospital between March 2020 and May 2021 (n=400,446) from GOV.UK Coronavirus dashboard, and the ONS 2020 mid-year population estimates.↩︎
GOV.UK. UKHSA data dashboard↩︎
Kings College London. Black and Asian patients have increased risk of severe COVID-19 at different stages of the disease. URL: https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/black-asian-patients-increased-risk-severe-covid-19)↩︎
BAME-Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic group↩︎
Public Health England CHIME tool. Monthly age-standardised hospital admission rate per 100,000 person-years, for COVID-19 in England by ethnic group, March 2020 to May 2021. URL: https://analytics.phe.gov.uk/apps/chime/ ↩︎
There were 232 records with no ethnicity recorded.↩︎
The Independent SAGE Report 21: COVID-19 and Health Inequality. URL: https://www.independentsage.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Inequalities-_i_SAGE_FINAL-draft_corrected.pdf)↩︎
Rates were calculated using ONS Mid-2019 Annual small area population estimates.↩︎
Source: GOV.UK. UKHSA data dashboard.↩︎
Local Government Association. Deprivation and Poverty- The Impact of COVID-19. URL: https://www.local.gov.uk/health-inequalities-deprivation-and-poverty-and-covid-19 ↩︎
Rate of deaths by deprivation is not age adjusted.↩︎
Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) is a geographic area that has an average population of 1500 people or 650 households.↩︎
Integrated Care System (ICS) is an advanced version of an STP. Organisations within an ICS (commissioners and providers) take collective responsibility, often in partnership with local authorities, for resources and population health. Sustainability and transformation partnership (STP) enables NHS organisations, local authorities and clinical commissioning groups (CCG) to work together to improve the health and wellbeing of a population of a particular area. CCGs commission most of the hospital and community NHS services in the local areas for which they are responsible.↩︎
ONS 2020 mid-year population estimates were used to calculate vaccine coverage.↩︎
Residents vaccinated with first dose are partially vaccinated and those who have received their second dose are fully vaccinated. Vaccine coverage is based on the number of residents aged 16+.↩︎
Office For Health Improvement & Disparities. Post-Covid-19 syndrome London region: Health Needs Assessment of Post-COVID-19 syndrome in London, December 2021.↩︎
Office of National Statistics. Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK: 1 June 2022. URL: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/prevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk/1june2022 ↩︎
Office For Health Improvement & Disparities. Post-Covid-19 syndrome London region: Health Needs Assessment of Post-COVID-19 syndrome in London, December 2021↩︎
Long COVID: What the statistics are telling us. Daniel Ayoubkhani, Health Analysis & Life Events / Methodology and Quality, ONS 11 January 2022↩︎
OHID Fingertips data 2019-20↩︎
JSNA, Nov 2021↩︎
Up to: Joint Strategic Needs Assessment (JSNA)
Updated: 08 July 2024
Stay up to date! Make sure you subscribe to our email updates.
